trabucco, which was small, relatively mild and considered the best of those produced by the Austrian monopoly. But he complained that they were inferior, preferring the Don Pedros and Reina Cubanas, which he could get during his vacations in the picturesque Bavarian town of Berchtesgaden. Freud also enjoyed Dutch Liliputanos | Smoking https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gMgTZfenbZmmGT4PJILvk72c0RDM1mg8U7Q0otHrzkc/edit?usp=drivesdk | https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/107-3IENxUwAYphkAXuRJP5OcO922yIag Tobacco https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1gTz0gGbOw-R_PNHrzN-NqQxa_VqqJHPZ Capnolagnia |
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More Than a Cigar
| Evan J. Elkin| By | From George Burns, Winter 94/95
| https://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/more-than-a-cigar-6051
| Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, revered his cigars and defended his right to smoke above all else. |
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A Closer Look at Smoking Among Young Adults: Where Tobacco Control Should Focus Its Attention
| Molly P. Green, MPH, Kristen L. McCausland, MSW, MPH, [...], and Cheryl G. Healton, DrPH | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1931459/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. We sought to fill gaps in knowledge of smoking behaviors among college-educated and non–college-educated young adults.
Methods. We used data from the 2003 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey to analyze smoking behaviors among young adults aged 18–24 years and older young adults aged 25–34 years by college status (enrolled, or with a degree, but not enrolled) and other measures of socioeconomic position.
Results. Current smoking prevalence among US young adults aged 18–24 years who are not enrolled in college or who do not have a college degree was 30%. This was more than twice the current smoking prevalence among college-educated young adults (14%). |
A Comparison of Cigarette- and Hookah-Related Videos on YouTube
| Mary V. Carroll, BA, Ariel Shensa, MA, and Brian A. Primack, MD, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655091/
| Abstract Objective YouTube is now the second most visited site on the Internet. We aimed to compare characteristics of and messages conveyed by cigarette- and hookah-related videos on YouTube.
Methods Systematic search procedures yielded 66 cigarette-related and 61 hookah-related videos |
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A simulation of the effects of youth initiation policies on overall cigarette use.
| D T Levy, K M Cummings, and A Hyland
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446318/
| Abstract OBJECTIVES: We developed a simulation model to predict the effects of policies aimed at reducing smoking initiation by youths younger than 18 years. METHODS: The model projected the number of smokers, never smokers, and ex-smokers by age, sex, and racial/ethnic group and the effects of reductions in youth initiation. |
Adult Current Smoking: Differences in Definitions and Prevalence Estimates—NHIS and NSDUH, 2008
| Heather Ryan, Angela Trosclair, and Joe Gfroerer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357540/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. To compare prevalence estimates and assess issues related to the measurement of adult cigarette smoking in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Methods. 2008 data on current cigarette smoking and current daily cigarette smoking among adults ≥18 years were compared. |
African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy
| V Yerger and R Malone
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747674/
| Abstract
Background: Among all racial and ethnic groups in the USA, African Americans bear the greatest burden from tobacco related disease. The tobacco industry has been highly influential in the African American community for decades, providing funding and other resources to community leaders and emphasising publicly its support for civil rights causes and groups, while ignoring the negative health effects of its products on those it claims to support. However, the industry's private business reasons for providing such support were unknown. |
Bar and Club Tobacco Promotions in the Alternative Press: Targeting Young Adults
| Edward Sepe, MS and Stanton A. Glantz, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447392/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. This study examined changes in tobacco promotions in the alternative press in San Francisco and Philadelphia from 1994 to 1999.
Methods. A random sample of alternative newspapers was analyzed, and a content analysis was conducted.
Results. Between 1994 and 1999, numbers of tobacco advertisements increased from 8 to 337 in San Francisco and from 8 to 351 in Philadelphia. Product advertisements represented only 45% to 50% of the total; the remaining advertisements were entertainment-focused promotions, mostly bar–club and event promotions. |
Biomarkers of Exposure among Adult Smokeless Tobacco Users in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (Wave 1, 2013-14)
| Yu-Ching Cheng, Carolyn M. Reyes-Guzman, [...], and Dana M. van Bemmel
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079166/
| Abstract Background: Monitoring population-level toxicant exposures from smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is important for assessing population health risks due to product use. In this study, we assessed tobacco biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) among SLT users from the Wave 1 (2013–14) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. |
Burning Love: Big Tobacco Takes Aim at LGBT Youths | Harriet A. Washington | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222279/?report=reader
| Abstract
Secret tobacco industry documents lay bare the industry's targeting, seduction, and recruitment of minority groups and children. They also unmask Big Tobacco's disdain for its targets. |
Campaigners accuse tobacco firm of dubious ploy
| Simon Chapman | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127635/?report=reader
| The antismoking campaign group Quit from Melbourne, Australia, has accused the cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris of trying to win popularity among young people through dubious marketing devices. The company has been giving away, with its cigarettes, free key rings with a concealed vial suitable for carrying drugs. |
Changing age-specific patterns of cigarette consumption in the United States, 1992–2002: Association with smoke-free homes and state-level tobacco control activity
| John P. Pierce, Martha M. White, and Karen Messer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658899/?report=reader
| Abstract Introduction: During the 1990s, both prevalence and average cigarette consumption declined in the United States, but age-specific changes have not been reported.
Method: All four of the nationally and state representative U.S. Current Population Surveys—Tobacco Use Supplements from 1991–2002 |
Characterizing and identifying "hard-core" smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence | S Emery, E A Gilpin, C Ake, A J Farkas, and J P Pierce .
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446166/
| Abstract OBJECTIVES: Some smokers may never quit. Depending on how many of these "hard-core" smokers exist, tobacco control efforts could reach the limits of a minimum achievable smoking prevalence. We defined the hard core as heavy smokers with weak quitting histories who expect never to quit smoking. We compared them with other smokers and analyzed whether they represent a meaningful barrier to further reducing smoking prevalence. METHODS: We used data from the 1996 California Tobacco Surveys (18616 adults; response rate = 72.9%). |
Cigarette advertising and black-white differences in brand preference | K M Cummings, G Giovino, and A J Mendicino
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1477979/
| Anecdotal evidence indicates that the cigarette industry is targeting the sale of specific brands, notably menthol cigarettes, to black consumers. This paper presents data on the types of cigarettes smoked by white and black smokers. The cigarette brand preferences of two populations of smokers were examined. The first comprised 70 white and 365 black adult smokers seen at the Deaconness Family Medicine Center located in Buffalo, NY. The second population included 1,070 white and 92 black smokers who called a Stop Smoking Hotline in Buffalo. The results showed that, in both populations, blacks were twice as likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared with whites. In an attempt to evaluate the targeting of cigarette ads to black smokers as a possible explanation for black-white differences in brand preferences, cigarette ads appearing in magazines targeted to predominantly white or black readers were compared. Cigarette ads appearing in seven magazines were reviewed, four directed to predominantly white readers (Newsweek, Time, People, Mademoiselle) and three with wide circulation among black audiences (Jet, Ebony, Essence). The results showed that the magazines targeted to black readers contained significantly more cigarette ads and more ads for menthol brand cigarettes than magazines similar in content but targeted to white readers. The observation that a higher percentage of blacks smoke menthol cigarettes than do whites is consistent with the findings regarding differences in the type of cigarette ads appearing in magazines intended for black or white readers. However, it is not possible to determine from this study whether cigarette advertising is the cause of the differences in preference of cigarette brands between white and black smokers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
Cigarette smoking and bronchial carcinoma: dose and time relationships among regular smokers and lifelong non-smokers. | R Doll and R Peto | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1060963/
| Abstract In a 20-year prospective study on British doctors, smoking habits were ascertained by questionnaire and lung cancer incidence was monitored. Among cigarette smokers who started smoking at ages 16-25 and who smoked 40 or less per day, the annual lung cancer incidence in the age range 40-79 |
Cigarette smoking among gay and bisexual men.
| R D Stall, G L Greenwood, M Acree, J Paul, and T J Coates
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509004/
| Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study measured the prevalence of cigarette smoking among gay men and identified associations with smoking. METHODS: Household-based (n = 696) and bar-based (n = 1897) sampling procedures yielded 2593 gay male participants from Portland, Ore, and Tucson, Ariz, in the spring of 1992. RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of the combined sample reported current smoking, a rate far above prevalence estimates for men in Arizona (z = 14.11, P < .001) or Oregon (z = 24.24, P < .001). Significant associations with smoking included heavy drinking, frequent gay bar attendance, greater AIDS-related losses, HIV seropositivity, lower health rating than members of same age cohort, lower educational attainment, and lower income. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of cigarette smoking are very high among gay men. Tobacco prevention and cessation campaigns should be designed to reach the gay male community. |
Consistency of self-reported smoking over a 6-year interval from adolescence to young adulthood
| Cassandra A. Stanton, George Papandonatos, [...], and Raymond Niaura
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500030/?report=reader
| Abstract Aims To examine the reliability of self-report cigarette smoking questions by describing recanting (denial of previous smoking reports) in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents followed throughout young adulthood. Predictors of recanting across stages of smoking uptake/progression are examined.
Design A total of 12 985 respondents to cigarette smoking questions during in-home interviews at waves I and III (6 years apart) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). |
Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
| Andrew Hyland, Bridget K Ambrose, [...], and PATH Study Team | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5299069/?report=reader
| Abstract Background This paper describes the methods and conceptual framework for Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data collection. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is partnering with the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products to conduct the PATH Study under a contract with Westat.
Methods The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of 45 971 adults and youth in the USA, aged 12 years and older. |
Development of symptoms of tobacco dependence in youths: 30 month follow up data from the DANDY study
| J DiFranza, J Savageau, N Rigotti, K Fletcher, J Ockene, A McNeill, M Coleman, and C Wood | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759001/
| Abstract Objective: To determine if there is a minimum duration, frequency or quantity of tobacco use required to develop symptoms of dependence. |
Disparities in Smoking Between the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Population and the General Population in California | Elisabeth P. Gruskin, DrPH, Gregory L. Greenwood, PhD, MPH, [...], and Larry L. Bye, MA | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1931451/?report=reader
| Abstract
Objectives. We conducted a large, population-based study to assess tobacco use in California’s lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) population.
Methods. Standard measures of tobacco use from 2 separate, statewide household-based studies were used to compare basic prevalence rates in the LGB population and the general population in California. |
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Do Favorite Movie Stars Influence Adolescent Smoking Initiation?
| Janet M. Distefan, PhD, John P. Pierce, PhD, and Elizabeth A. Gilpin, MS
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448427/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. We sought to determine whether adolescents whose favorite movie stars smoke on-screen are at increased risk of tobacco use.
Methods. During interviews, adolescent never smokers taking part in the California Tobacco Survey nominated their favorite stars. We reviewed popular films released during 1994 through 1996 to determine whether stars smoked on-screen in at least 2 films. |
Early Exposure to Movie Smoking Predicts Established Smoking by Older Teens and Young Adults
| Madeline A. Dalton, PhD, Michael L. Beach, MD, PhD, [...], and Linda Titus-Ernstoff, PhD
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758519/?report=reader
| Abstract OBJECTIVE Movie smoking exposure is a strong predictor of smoking initiation by adolescents; however, we do not know whether it is a long-term predictor of established smoking. We conducted a prospective study to determine whether movie smoking exposure during early adolescence predicts established smoking in older teens and young adults.
DESIGN We assessed movie smoking exposure and smoking status through a written school-based survey in 1999, when participants were 10 to 14 years of age. |
Estimates of population smoking prevalence: self-vs proxy reports of smoking status.
| E A Gilpin, J P Pierce, S W Cavin, C C Berry, N J Evans, M Johnson, and D G Bal | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615093/
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Abstract OBJECTIVES. In the face of rising costs of surveillance systems, it is time to reexamine the feasibility of including proxy respondents in surveys designed to provide population estimates of smoking prevalence. |
Exposure to Smoking in Popular Contemporary Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany
| Reiner Hanewinkel, PhD and James D. Sargent, MD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963468/?report=reader
| Abstract Background Studies have linked exposure to movie smoking and smoking initiation among U.S. adolescents, but there has been only one published study of adolescents outside the U.S.
Method Cross sectional survey of 5586 schoolchildren aged 10–17 with a mean of 12.8 (SD=1.2) years from randomly selected secondary schools in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, in October/November 2005. In August 2006, using previously validated methods, exposure to movie smoking was estimated from 398 internationally distributed films (98% produced and distributed by U.S. studios) released in Germany, and examined its relation with ever and current (30 day) smoking. |
German tobacco industry's successful efforts to maintain scientific and political respectability to prevent regulation of secondhand smoke
| A Bornhäuser, J McCarthy, and S A Glantz
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563568/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective To examine the tactics the tobacco industry in Germany used to avoid regulation of secondhand smoke exposure and to maintain the acceptance of public smoking.
Methods Systematic search of tobacco industry documents available on the internet between June 2003 and August 2004. |
Health consequences of smoking 1–4 cigarettes per day | K Bjartveit and A Tverdal | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748107/
| Abstract Objectives: To determine the risk in men and women smoking 1–4 cigarettes per day of dying from specified smoking related diseases and from any cause. |
How effective are tobacco industry bar and club marketing efforts in reaching young adults?
| E Gilpin, V White, and J Pierce | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748041/
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Abstract Objective: Recently, the tobacco industry has focused marketing efforts on young adults through bar and club promotions, such as advertising and distribution of free cigarettes in these settings. This study estimates the fraction of the California young adult population that might be exposed and potentially influenced by these efforts.
Design and participants: Data were from 9364 young adult (18–29 years) respondents to the cross sectional population based 2002 California Tobacco Survey. |
How should we define light or intermittent smoking? Does it matter? | Corinne G. Husten | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658911/?report=reader
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Introduction Multiple terms for light and intermittent smokers (LITS), each with a range of definitions, are found in the literature. Because of this wide range of terms and definitions, there has been interest in developing a standard definition of LITS. However, several factors need to be taken into account in setting such a definition. |
When is a cigar not a cigar? African American youths' understanding of "cigar" use.
| V Yerger, C Pearson, and R E Malone | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446530/
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“I'll be your cigarette—Light me up and get on with it”: Examining smoking imagery on YouTube
| Susan R. Forsyth, R.N., M.S., and Ruth E. Malone, R.N., Ph.D. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910874/
| Abstract Introduction: Smoking imagery on the online video sharing site YouTube is prolific and easily accessed. However, no studies have examined how this content changes across time. We studied the primary message and genre of YouTube videos about smoking across two time periods.
Methods: In May and July 2009, we used “cigarettes” and “smoking cigarettes” to retrieve the top 20 videos on YouTube by relevance and view count. Eliminating duplicates, 124 videos were coded for time period, overall message, genre, and brand mentions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Videos portraying smoking positively far outnumbered smoking-negative videos in both samples, increasing as a percentage of total views across the time period. |
Intermittent and light daily smoking across racial/ethnic groups in the United States
.jpg "Over 100 Peer-reviewed Research Articles Curated By Oregonleatherboy On Topic Of Smoking") nn | Dennis R. Trinidad, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, [...], and Karen S. Messer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658897/?report=reader | Abstract Introduction: Limited research exists examining the prevalence of intermittent (nondaily) and light daily (1–5 cigarettes/day) smoking across racial/ethnic groups in the United States using nationally representative data. These analyses would be informative in guiding targeted cessation strategies. |
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Levels of toxins in oral tobacco products in the UK
| A McNeill, R Bedi, [...], and R West | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563632/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective This study examined the constituents of smokeless tobacco products available in the UK and compared them with products available in India, Sweden, and the USA
Methods Seven UK brands of smokeless tobacco, including a tooth cleaning powder, and four international brands of smokeless tobacco were tested for a range of toxins and known carcinogens, such as tobacco specific N‐nitrosamines (TSNA), as well as nicotine availability. |
Light and intermittent smokers: Background and perspective | Saul Shiffman
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658906/?report=reader
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Materials This special issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research represents a milestone in the thinking in our field about variations in smoking patterns. Over the past several decades, a stereotype has developed—the image of a smoker as consuming one cigarette after another, expressing a constant hunger for nicotine—a need to frequently redose with nicotine to maintain a steady concentration of nicotine in the bloodstream. |
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| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110235/?report=reader
| Modeling the Future Effects of a Menthol Ban on Smoking Prevalence and Smoking-Attributable Deaths in the United States David T. Levy, PhD, Jennifer L. Pearson, MPH, [...], and David B. Abrams, PhD
Additional article information
Abstract We used a validated smoking simulation model and data from the 2003 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey to project the impact that a US menthol ban would have on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. In a scenario in which 30% of menthol smokers quit and 30% of those who would have initiated as menthol smokers do not initiate, by 2050 the relative reduction in smoking prevalence would be 9.7% overall and 24.8% for Blacks; deaths averted would be 633 252 overall and 237 317 for Blacks. |
Misleading Claims About Tobacco Products in YouTube Videos: Experimental Effects of Misinformation on Unhealthy Attitudes
| Dolores Albarracin, PhD, Daniel Romer, PhD, [...], and Patrick Jamieson, PhD
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6045787/
| Abstract Background Recent content analyses of YouTube postings reveal a proliferation of user generated videos with misleading statements about the health consequences of various types of nontraditional tobacco use (eg, electronic cigarettes; e-cigarettes).
Objective This research was aimed at obtaining evidence about the potential effects of YouTube postings about tobacco products on viewers' attitudes toward these products. |
New and traditional smokeless tobacco: comparison of toxicant and carcinogen levels | Irina Stepanov, Ph.D., Joni Jensen, M.P.H., C.C.R.C., [...], and Stephen S. Hecht, Ph.D.
A | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892835/?report=reader
| Abstract Declining cigarette use and spreading bans on smoking in public places in the United States are encouraging the U.S. cigarette industry to turn to another tobacco category, smokeless tobacco products. Currently, a number of new brands are being test marketed, including Taboka, Marlboro Snus, Camel Snus, and Skoal Dry. |
Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure Among US Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from 1999-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
| Brian L. Rostron, Cindy M. Chang, [...], and Benjamin C. Blount
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5134927/?report=reader
| Abstract Background It has been suggested that smokeless tobacco users have high levels of exposure to nicotine and some toxic substances as measured by biomarker concentrations, but studies with nationally representative data have been limited.
Methods We analyzed biomarkers of tobacco exposure for 23,684 adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2012. |
Nondaily and Social Smoking an Increasingly Prevalent Pattern | Rebecca E. Schane, MD, Stanton A. Glantz, PhD, and Pamela M. Ling, MD, MPH
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350771/?report=reader
| Nondaily and social smoking (smoking primarily in social situations) are increasingly prevalent. Social smokers differ from daily smokers in their demographics, psychological profile, and degree of nicotine addiction. Current methods used to screen for tobacco dependence often miss social smokers, who tend to self-categorize as “nonsmokers.” |
Nondaily Smokers: Who Are They?
| Kristen M. Hassmiller, Mhsa, Kenneth E. Warner, PhD, [...], and Eduardo Romano, PhD
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447964/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective. We sought to understand who constitutes the sizable population of nondaily, or some-day (SD), smokers.
Methods. We analyzed descriptive statistics and regression results using the 1998–1999 Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement to determine the prevalence of SD smokers, their sociodemographic characteristics, and the smoking patterns and histories of groups differentiated by the length and stability of their SD smoking. |
Occasional smoking in a Minnesota working population.
| D J Hennrikus, R W Jeffery, and H A Lando | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380589/
| Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalence of occasional smoking in a population of working adults, compared the characteristics of occasional and daily smokers, and prospectively examined the long-term smoking patterns of occasional smokers. |
Occasional tobacco use among young adult women: a longitudinal analysis of smoking transitions
| Liane McDermott, Annette Dobson, and Neville Owen | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2598537/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective To describe prospective transitions in smoking among young adult women who were occasional smokers, and the factors associated with these transitions, by comparing sociodemographic, lifestyle and psychosocial characteristics of those who changed from occasional smoking to daily smoking, non‐daily smoking or non‐smoking. |
Occupations, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer in the epidemiological follow-up to the NHANES I and the California Occupational Mortality Study.
| J. P. Leigh
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2359318/
| Abstract What jobs are associated with the highest and lowest levels of cigarette use and of lung cancer? Are there gender differences in these jobs? Two data sets-the Epidemiological Follow-up to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHEFS) and the California Occupational Mortality Study (COMS) were analyzed to answer these questions. For females, the broad occupations ranking from highest to lowest cigarette use in the NHEFS was: transportation operators, managers, craft workers, service workers, operatives, laborers, technicians, administrative workers, farm owners and workers, sales workers, no occupation, and professionals. |
Perceptions of Menthol Cigarettes Among Twitter Users: Content and Sentiment Analysis | Shyanika W Rose, MA, PhD, Catherine L Jo, MSPH, PhD, [...], and Kurt M Ribisl, PhD
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5348619/
| Menthol cigarettes are used disproportionately by African American, female, and adolescent smokers. Twitter is also used disproportionately by minority and younger populations, providing a unique window into conversations reflecting social norms, behavioral intentions, and sentiment toward menthol cigarettes. |
Predictors of smoking among US college students.
| K M Emmons, H Wechsler, G Dowdall, and M Abraham | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508383/
| Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study explored predictors of smoking among a large, representative national sample of students enrolled in American 4-year colleges. METHODS: A sample of undergraduate students, randomly selected from 140 colleges |
Predictors of smoking cessation in a cohort of adult smokers followed for five years | N Hymowitz, K. Cummings, A Hyland, W. Lynn, T. Pechacek, and T. Hartwell
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1766209/
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Prevalence and Correlates of Smoking and Readiness to Quit Smoking in People Living with HIV in Austria and Germany
| Helmut Brath, Igor Grabovac, [...], and Thomas E. Dorner
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771118/?report=reader
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Abstract We aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of smoking in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) in Germany and Austria and their readiness to quit. A total of 447 consecutive patients with confirmed positive HIV status who were treated in different outpatient HIV centres in Austria and Germany were included. |
Prospective study of effect of switching from cigarettes to pipes or cigars on mortality from three smoking related diseases.
| N. J. Wald and H. C. Watt
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2126967/
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Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent to which cigarette smokers who switch to cigars or pipes alter their risk of dying of three-smoking related diseases-lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive lung disease. DESIGN: A prospective study of 21520 men aged 35-64 years when recruited in 1975-82 with detailed history of smoking and measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Notification of deaths (to 1993) classified by cause. |
Prevalence of hardcore smoking in England, and associated attitudes and beliefs: cross sectional study
| Martin J Jarvis, professor of health psychology, Jane Wardle, professor of clinical psychology, [...], and Lesley Owen, public health adviser on smoking | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155688/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective To quantify the prevalence and characteristics of hardcore smokers in England.
Design Cross sectional survey.
Setting Interview in respondents' household.
Participants 7766 adult cigarette smokers.
Main outcome measures Hardcore smoking defined by four criteria (less than a day without cigarettes in the past five years; no attempt to quit in the past year; no desire to quit; no intention to quit), all of which had to be satisfied. |
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Residential area deprivation predicts smoking habit independently of individual educational level and occupational social class. A cross sectional study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk)
| S Shohaimi, R Luben, N Wareham, N Day, S Bingham, A Welch, S Oakes, and K Khaw | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732421/
| Abstract Objectives: To investigate the independent association between individual and area based measures of socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking habit. |
Risk factors for tobacco dependence in adolescent smokers
| I Karp, J O'Loughlin, [...], and R F Tyndale | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2564659/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective To study the incidence of conversion to tobacco dependence (TD) and the prevalence of the TD state in relation to several potential determinants in a sample of adolescent smokers.
Methods Questionnaires were administered every 3–4 months to document TD symptoms, amount of cigarette consumption, and depression symptoms in a prospective cohort of 1293 grade 7 students in a convenience sample of 10 schools. |
Seeing, wanting, owning: the relationship between receptivity to tobacco marketing and smoking susceptibility in young people
| E. Feighery, D. Borzekowski, C. Schooler, and J. Flora
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759689/
| Abstract OBJECTIVE—To assess the effect of the tobacco industry's marketing practices on adolescents by examining the relationship between their receptivity to these practices and their susceptibility to start smoking. DESIGN—Paper-and-pencil surveys measuring association with other smokers, exposure to tobacco industry marketing strategies, experience with smoking, and resolve not to smoke in the future. SETTING—25 randomly selected classrooms in five middle schools in San Jose, California. SUBJECTS—571 seventh graders with an average age of 13 years and 8 months; 57% were female. Forty-five per cent of the students were Asian, 38% were Hispanic, 12% were white, and 5% were black. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Exposure to social influences, receptivity to marketing strategies, susceptibility to start smoking. |
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Sex-specific trends in smoking prevalence over seven years in different Austrian populations: results of a time-series cross-sectional analysis
| Thomas Ernst Dorner, Helmut Brath, and Alexandra Kautzky-Willer | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7482469/
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Abstract Objectives Aim of this study was to examine trends over time in smoking status in men and women, and in subgroups, in Austria, a country with poor smoking regulation policies.
Design and participants Two cross-sectional surveys (Austrian Health Interview Surveys for 2007 and 2014), each with more than 15 000 participants from the general population, aged ≥15 years. |
Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review | G. Banderali, A. Martelli, [...], and E. Verduci | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608184/?report=reader
| Abstract A great deal of attention has been focused on adverse effects of tobacco smoking on conception, pregnancy, fetal, and child health. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current evidence regarding short and long-term health effects on child health of parental smoking during pregnancy and lactation and the potential underlying mechanisms. |
Smoking by blacks and whites: socioeconomic and demographic differences.
| T E Novotny, K E Warner, J S Kendrick, and P L Remington
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1349391/
| Abstract Using data from the 1985 National Health Interview Survey for persons aged 25-64 years, we controlled simultaneously for socioeconomic status (SES), demographic factors, and race in multivariate logistic regression analyses. We found that the odds of ever smoking are not higher for Blacks compared with Whites, when the other variables are controlled. By contrast, the odds of heavy smoking for Blacks are far less than for Whites, while Blacks are significantly less likely than Whites to quit smoking regardless of SES or demographic factors. Smoking cessation and prevention programs must be planned with these behavioral, SES, and demographic differences in mind. |
Smoking prevalence in a cohort of adolescents, including absentees, dropouts, and transfers.
| P L Pirie, D M Murray, and R V Luepker
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1349112/
| Abstract This study reports daily smoking rates among older adolescents obtained by a unique follow-up of a cohort originally identified in the seventh grade. Those no longer in their original school districts were located and interviewed by telephone. Smoking rates among dropouts exceeded 70 per cent in all age-sex groups. Smoking rates among transfers were as high as those among absentees. Including these subgroups raised smoking prevalence rates among older adolescents substantially. |
Smooth Moves: Bar and Nightclub Tobacco Promotions That Target Young Adults
| Edward Sepe, MS, Pamela M. Ling, MD, MPH, and Stanton A. Glantz, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447091/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. This article describes the tobacco industry's use of bars and nightclubs to encourage smoking among young adults.
Methods. Previously secret tobacco industry marketing documents were analyzed.
Results. Tobacco industry bar and nightclub promotions in the 1980s and 1990s included aggressive advertising, tobacco brand–sponsored activities, and distribution of samples. |
Socially cued smoking in bars, nightclubs, and gaming venues: a case for introducing smoke-free policies
| L Trotter, M Wakefield, and R Borland
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747690/
| Abstract Objective: To assess smokers' perceived effects of smoking bans in bars, nightclubs, and gaming venues on their smoking behaviour. |
Socioeconomic status and tobacco expenditure among Australian households: results from the 1998–99 Household Expenditure Survey
| M Siahpush | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732284/
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Abstract Objective: To investigate the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and tobacco expenditure among Australian households.
Design and setting: Cross sectional study (The Household Expenditure Survey 1998–99) by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, based on a multi-stage national sample of 9682 households. |
Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals: an update
| R. West, A. McNeill, and M. Raw | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745657/
| Abstract This paper updates the evidence base and key recommendations of the Health Education Authority (HEA) smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals published in Thorax in 1998. The strategy for updating the evidence base makes use of updated Cochrane reviews supplemented by individual studies where appropriate. This update contains additional detail concerning the effectiveness of interventions as well as comments on issues relating to implementation. The recommendations include clarification of some important issues addressed only in general terms in the original guidelines. The conclusion that smoking cessation interventions delivered through the National Health Service are an extremely cost effective way of preserving life and reducing ill health remains unchanged. |
Smoking behaviors in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults
| Maya Vijayaraghavan, Joanne Penko, [...], and Margot B. Kushel | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197834/?report=reader
| Abstract We conducted a longitudinal study of a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults to examine smoking behaviors and factors associated with quitting. We assessed “hardcore” smoking behaviors associated with a low probability of quitting. Of the 296 participants, 218 were current smokers (73.6%) |
Socioeconomic variations in nicotine dependence, self‐efficacy, and intention to quit across four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
| M Siahpush, A McNeill, [...], and G T Fong | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593052/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective To examine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on nicotine dependence, self‐efficacy, and intention to quit.
Design setting and participants Data were from the first wave (2002) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey (ITC‐4), a panel study of over 2000 adult smokers from each of four countries: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Data were collected via telephone interviews. |
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Systematic review of cigar smoking and all cause and smoking related mortality
| Cindy M Chang, Catherine G Corey, [...], and Benjamin J Apelberg
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408600/
| Abstract Background Cigars are a growing public health concern, given the changes in cigar use patterns in the US and elsewhere since the 1960s. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on current cigar smoking and all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks to inform potential regulatory approaches and future research that would strengthen the body of evidence. |
Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places
| J Dearlove, S Bialous, and S Glantz
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1763854/
| Abstract Objective: To describe how the tobacco industry used the "accommodation" message to mount an aggressive and effective worldwide campaign to recruit hospitality associations, such as restaurant associations, to serve as the tobacco industry's surrogate in fighting against smoke-free environments. |
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The Epigenetics of Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy and Effects on Child Development | Valerie S. Knopik, Matthew A. Maccani, [...], and John E. McGeary | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3581096/?report=reader
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Abstract The period of in utero development is one of the most critical windows during which adverse intrauterine conditions and exposures may influence the growth and development of the fetus as well as its future postnatal health and behavior. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy remains a relatively common but nonetheless hazardous in utero exposure. |
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The Outing of Philip Morris: Advertising Tobacco to Gay Men | Elizabeth A. Smith, PhD and Ruth E. Malone, PhD, RN
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447881/?report=reader
| Abstract
Objectives. This case study describes the events surrounding the first time a major tobacco company advertised in gay media. |
The sociodemographic pattern of tobacco cessation in the 1980s: results from a panel study of living condition surveys in Sweden. | P Tillgren, B J Haglund, M Lundberg, and A Romelsjö
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1060378/
| Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyse the factors that determined whether or not people were successful in quitting tobacco during the 1980s in Sweden. DESIGN: A logistic regression model was used for the analyses and included: education, marital status, socioeconomic group, social network, physical activities, cigarette consumption, and years spent smoking as independent variables. Men and women were analysed separately for smoking. A specific univariate analysis was also performed for men who used snuff. |
Tobacco use by black and white adolescents: the validity of self-reports. | K E Bauman and S E Ennett
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1614850/
| Abstract OBJECTIVES. Previous studies concluded that Black adolescents use tobacco and other drugs less than White adolescents. The Black-White differences typically were attributed to variations in background and life-style. The objective of the research reported in this paper was to determine whether the presumed difference in tobacco use is due to Black-White differences in the validity of self-reports. |
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TRADING TOBACCO: ARE YOUTHS CHOOSING CIGARS OVER CIGARETTES? | Cristine D. Delnevo, PhD, MPH, Jonathan Foulds, PhD, and Mary Hrywna, MPH
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449492/?report=reader |
The analysis of Ringel and colleagues,1 who found that youths’ cigar use is sensitive to price, highlights an important but overlooked issue in public health—the use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. However, since 1999 and 2000, when the data used by Ringel et al. were collected, there have been many changes that deserve discussion. |
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Widening social inequalities in smoking cessation in Spain, 1987-1997 | E Fernandez, A Schiaffino, M Garcia, and J Borras
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1731782/
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Internet is used extensively to market and sell tobacco (Freeman & Chapman, 2008; Malone & Bero, 2000 | cigarette advertising is regulated in traditional mainstream media, such as television and radio, sites such as YouTube, with their consumer-generated media content, remain largely unregulated (Ciolli, 2007). | Children access these types of sites and make up a large part of total users Quantcast audience profile, 2009 Freeman and Chapman 2007
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| 2007, 20% of high school students in the United States were current cigarette smokers (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2009).
Each day in the United States, approximately 3,600 young people between the ages of 12 and 17 years try cigarette smoking and an estimated 1,100 become daily smokers (CDC). Approximately 90% of adult smokers began smoking before the age of 18 years (Schum & Gould, 2007). | Adolescents watch an average of 3 movies per week, Glantz S. What to do about Hollywood: tobacco’s smoldering affair. Los Angeles Times. 2June2001:F12. cigarette smoking among actors in movies has increased in frequency over the past decade. |
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| only one third of youth who initiate smoking progress to become regular smokers. Established smoking, defined as smoking >100 cigarettes in a lifetime Choi WS, Pierce JP, Gilpin EA, Farkas AJ, Berry CC. Which adolescent experimenters progress to established smoking in the United States. Am J Prev Med. 1997;13(5):385–391. |
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expectancy theory, a smoker will experience urge reduction in response to smoking a placebo cigarette, if the smoker has the stimulus (or dose) expectancy that he or she is smoking an active nicotine cigarette and has the response expectancy that nicotine reduces urges to smoke (Kirsch & Lynn, 1999; Perkins, Sayette, Conklin, & Caggiula, 2003). |
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| Conditioning processes have also been offered as an explanation for placebo effects.1 For example, several studies have demonstrated that denicotinized cigarettes smoked under double-blind conditions alleviate smoking craving and withdrawal symptoms Buchhalter, Acosta, Evans, Breland, & Eissenberg, 2005; Donny, Houtsmuller, & Stitzer, 2007 function as a reinforcer (Shahan, Bickel, Madden, Badger, 1999). | The sensorimotor aspects of smoking (e.g., sensations of smoke in one’s throat) presumably become conditioned stimuli due to their previous associations with nicotine, thereby producing rewarding effects in the absence of nicotine Rose, 2006
Research has shown that denicotinized cigarettes smoked under different dose expectancy sets produce different effects, suggesting an important role of expectancy. | recent study evaluated vigilance performance, memory, and subjective effects in 5-hr abstinent smokers before and after smoking a nicotine or denicotinized cigarette under double-blind conditions (Kelemen, 2008) | cigarette smoking and nicotine replacement products provide evidence that directly manipulating dose expectancies and/or response expectancies (i.e., manipulating the expected effects of the drug) can influence the magnitude of responses to placebos and active drugs Fillmore & Vogel-Sprott, 1996; Fillmore, Mulvihill & Vogel-Sprott, 1994; Fucito & Juliano, 2007; Harrell & Juliano, 2009; Metrik et al., 2009; Perkins et al., 2006; Perkins et al., 2009 | nonpharmacological factors such as expectancy play in the full range of effects of cigarette smoking may help us to better understand the persistence of smoking behavior and develop innovative expectancy-based treatment strategies Copeland & Brandon, 2000 | enhancement of cognitive performance. It has been suggested that the effects of smoking on cognition, mood and arousal are likely connected in systematic ways and are all outcomes that smokers are seeking from nicotine (Waters & Sutton, 2000). | smoking and/or nicotine improves performance on cognitive processes
sustained attention
alerting attention
orienting attention
episodic memory
working memory
Heishman, Kleykamp, & Singleton, 2010; Koelega, 1993; Prichard & Robinson, 1998
Improvements in sustained attention (or vigilance) observed after smoking appear to be particularly robust Koelega, 1993 | BPD studies have also identified moderators of reactions to the dose expectancy manipulations
baseline smoking outcome expectancies Juliano & Brandon, 2002
mood state Perkins et al., 2008
gender Perkins et al., 2004 | RVIP
a test of sustained attention or vigilance. This task has been used in many studies of drug effects, and has been shown to be especially sensitive to the effects of smoking and nicotine (Koelega, 1993; Prichard & Robinson, 1998). | This 14-item questionnaire Rose, Behm, & Westman, 2001 assessed participants’ immediate reactions to the experimental cigarettes
using a 7-point scale 1 = not at all 7 = extremely
In reference to the cigarette that participants had just smoked, they were asked questions such as:
Was it satisfying?
Did it taste good?
Did you enjoy the sensations of smoke in your throat and chest? | 10 items described by Rose et al. (2001) the following four items were also included:
(a) Did it immediately reduce your cravings for cigarettes?
(b) Did it taste different than your usual brand?
(c) Did it make you feel more alert?
(d) Did it make you feel less anxious? | three item self-report
measure assessed participants’ cravings, wants, and desires to smoke on scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree. These three items have demonstrated adequate reliability and validity in assessing smoking urge (Kozlowski, Pillitteri, Sweeney, Whitfield & Graham, 1996). Cronbach’s alpha in the present study averaged 0.95. | Short form of the POMS (McNair, Lorr, & Droppelman, 1971) 30-item adjective checklist that assessed total mood disturbance and mood specific problems using six subscales: (a) tension-anxiety
(b) depression-dejection
(c) anger-hostility
(d) vigor-activity (e) fatigue-inertia (f) confusion-bewilderment.
Participants rated the items on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = not at all to 4 = extremely. The short form has good psychometric properties and is highly correlated with the full 65 item scale.
ACronbach’s alpha for the individual factors was good (>.80) on all factors except for confusion-bewilderment (not analyzed), and for total mood disturbance (including confusion-bewilderment items) was excellent (M = 0.92). |
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Communication challenges of a tobacco addictiveness reduction policy Stella Bialous et al. Tob Induc Dis. 2021.
Keywords: addiction; comprehensive tobacco control; nicotine; public health communication.
.jpg "Smoke Peer-reviewed Research Database Curated by Oregonleatherboy")
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| (1989). Predicting the onset of smoking in boys and girls. |
Charlton A and Blair V | Soc Sci Med, 29, 813-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90080-4 | Abstract The problem of the high prevalence of smoking among girls and young women is of great concern. In an attempt to identify the factors which influence girls and boys respectively to attempt smoking, the study examines social background, advertising and brand awareness, knowledge, teaching and personal beliefs in conjunction as predictors of smoking.
In this study which involved the administration of identical pre- and post-test questionnaires to a sample of boys and girls aged 12 and 13 years, nine variables expressed by never-smokers at pre-test stage were assessed as predictors of immediate future smoking. The two tests were administered 4 months apart to 1125 boys and 1213 girls in northern England. The nine variables included were parental smoking, correct friends' smoking, perceived positive values of smoking, perceived negative values of smoking, correct health knowledge, cigarette-brand awareness, having a favourite cigarette advertisement, having a cigarette-brand sponsored sport in four top favourites on television. One group received teaching about smoking between the pre- and post-tests and this was also included as a variable.
For boys, no variable investigated had any consistently statistically significant correlation with the uptake of smoking. The most important predictor of smoking for boys, having a best friend who smoked, was significant on application of the χ2 test (P0.037, although it was non-significant when included singly in a logistic regression model (0.094); the discrepancy was probably due to the small number of best friends known to smoke.
For girls, four variables were found to be significant predictors of smoking when included singly in a logistic regression. In order of significance they were: having at least one parent who smoked (P0.002), having positive views on smoking (P0.007), cigarette-brand awareness (P0.02), and a best friend who smoked (P0.03). In a step forward logistic regression involving all nine variables, the most important predictors for girls were: having at least one parent who smoked (P0.002), having positive views on smoking (P0.009), having a best friend who smoked (P0.027).
Perceived positive values was the least important predictor of smoking in boys. For both boys and girls teaching about smoking between pre- and post-tests was non-significant.
The findings indicate a different relative balance of predictors of smoking in boys and girls respectively and suggest that without a social approach which takes these various influences into account, education about smoking in schools might expect to achieve less than it should. | Smoking 1990's | The illegal sale of cigarettes to US minors: estimates by state | K M Cummings, T Pechacek, and D Shopland
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615010/
| Abstract
Data available from recent national surveys on the cigarette consumption and purchasing practices of teenage smokers were used to generate state-specific estimates of the number of teenage smokers and cigarette sales to minors. In 1991, approximately 2.7 million teenage cigarette smokers consumed an average of 28.3 million cigarettes per day (516 million packs per year). An estimated 255 million packs of cigarettes were sold illegally to minors in 1991. To make cigarettes and other tobacco products less accessible to minors, policymakers should consider implementing various legislative and economic measures such as banning cigarette vending machines and raising tobacco excise taxes. | (1992) In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors | Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC | Am Psychol, 47, 1102-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102 | How people intentionally change addictive behaviors with and without treatment is not well understood by behavioral scientists. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. Modification of addictive behaviors involves progression through 5 stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance; and individuals typically recycle through these stages several times before termination of the addiction. Multiple studies provide strong support for these stages as well as for a finite and common set of change processes used to progress through the stages. Research to date supports a transtheoretical model of change that systematically integrates the stages with processes of change from diverse theories of psychotherapy. ( | (1993). Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review. | Bien TH, Miller WR and Tonigan JS | Addiction, 88, 315-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00820.x | Abstract Relatively brief interventions have consistently been found to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption or achieving treatment referral of problem drinkers. To date, the literature includes at least a dozen randomized trials of brief referral or retention procedures, and 32 controlled studies of brief interventions targeting drinking behavior, enrolling over 6000 problem drinkers in both health care and treatment settings across 14 nations. These studies indicate that brief interventions are more effective than no counseling, and often as effective as more extensive treatment. The outcome literature is reviewed, and common motivational elements of effective brief interventions are described. There is encouraging evidence that the course of harmful alcohol use can be effectively altered by well-designed intervention strategies which are feasible within relatively brief-contact contexts such as primary health care settings and employee assistance programs. Implications for future research and practice are considered. | State and federal revenues from tobacco consumed by minors. | J R DiFranza and J J Librett
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508858/
| 7Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the value of cigarettes consumed in 1997 by youths younger than 18 years. METHODS: Price, population, and consumption data were used to compute conservative and comprehensive estimates, which were then averaged. RESULTS: An estimated 3.76 million daily smokers aged 12 through 17 years consume an estimated 924 million packs of cigarettes per year, generating $222 million in federal tax revenues, $293 million in state tax revenues, and $480 million in tobacco company profits, and producing a retail value of $1.86 billion. CONCLUSIONS: The revenues from cigarettes smoked by youths could be used to enforce laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors. | 1998 Tobacco use and the United States military: a longstanding problem
| T. CONWAY | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1763877/
Full | None | Racial/Ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-89.
| J G Bachman, J M Wallace, Jr, P M O'Malley, L D Johnston, C L Kurth, and H W Neighbors
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405013/
| Abstract BACKGROUND. This paper reports racial/ethnic differences in the use of licit and illicit drugs by high school seniors in the United States. METHODS. The study uses questionnaire data from annual, nationally representative surveys of seniors from 1976 through 1989. | 1997 Workplace smoking policies in the United States: results from a national survey of more than 100,000 workers
| K. K. Gerlach, D. R. Shopland, A. M. Hartman, J. T. Gibson, and T. F. Pechacek | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759575/
| Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of smoking policies in indoor work environments as reported by a nationally representative sample of workers in the United States. | 1999 The effects of household and workplace smoking restrictions on quitting behaviours
| A. Farkas, E. Gilpin, J. Distefan, and J. Pierce
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1763963/
| Abstract OBJECTIVE—To assess the association of household and workplace smoking restrictions with quit attempts, six month cessation, and light smoking. | Smoking 2000 | A day in the life of an advertising man: review of internal documents from the UK tobacco industry's principal advertising agencies | Gerard Hastings, director and Lynn MacFadyen, research officer
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118336/?report=reader
| Materials In July 1999 the Health Select Committee began an investigation into the British tobacco industry to determine what action it had taken and was taking in response to the known harmful effects of smoking and the addictive nature of tobacco. One of the committee's key achievements was to force the disclosure of a large quantity of internal company documents, including—for the first time—material from the UK tobacco industry's leading advertising agencies. | Trends in adult cigarette smoking in California compared with the rest of the United States, 1978-1994.
| M Siegel, P D Mowery, T P Pechacek, W J Strauss, M W Schooley, R K Merritt, T E Novotny, G A Giovino, and M P Eriksen | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446161/
| Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study compared trends in adult cigarette smoking prevalence in California and the remainder of the United States between 1978 and 1994. METHODS: We used data from National Health Interview Surveys and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys to compare trends in smoking prevalence among persons 18 years and older. RESULTS: In both California and the remainder of the United States, the estimated annual rate of decline in adult smoking prevalence accelerated significantly from 1985 to 1990: | (2000) Correlates of youth smokeless tobacco use. | Goebel LJ, Crespo RD, Abraham RT, Masho SW, Glover ED | Nicotine Tob Res, 2, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/713688153 | Abstract The objectives of this study are to identify knowledge and attitude variables that correlate with smokeless tobacco use and how youth users and non-users differ in their attitudes and knowledge about smokeless tobacco. A randomized cluster sample of 1834 total fifth, eighth, and 11th grade students in West Virginia public schools during the 1996–1997 school year were surveyed on smokeless tobacco knowledge, attitudes and practices. Data from 648 male non-users and 160 male monthly and daily users of smokeless tobacco were compared using ≤2 and two-tailed t-tests. Logistic regression analysis of survey variables revealed the following correlates of smokeless tobacco use: having a family member not living in the home who uses, having a friend who uses, playing football, having tried cigarettes, and having parents who would permit use at home. Important differences exist in knowledge and attitudes regarding smokeless tobacco between users and nonusers in fifth, eighth, and 11th grade West Virginia public schools. Correlates of smokeless tobacco use are identified which can be used to target prevention programs. | Smoking 2002 | Why and How the Tobacco Industry Sells Cigarettes to Young Adults: Evidence From Industry Documents
| Pamela M. Ling, MD, MPH and Stanton A. Glantz, PhD
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447481/?report=reader
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Abstract Objectives. To improve tobacco control campaigns, we analyzed tobacco industry strategies that encourage young adults (aged 18 to 24) to smoke.
Methods. Initial searches of tobacco industry documents with keywords (e.g., “young adult”) were extended by using names, locations, and dates. | Trends in cigar smoking and perceptions of health risks among Massachusetts adults | A Nyman, T Taylor, and L Biener
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1766069/
| Abstract Design: A random digit dial telephone survey conducted in 1993 and a subsequent monthly random digit dial survey conducted March 1995 to June 2000.
Participants: 4733 adults who completed the 1993 survey and 14 868 adults who completed the monthly survey between 1995 and 2000. | Smoking 2004 |
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| 2004
Transitions into and out of light and intermittent smoking during emerging adulthood
| Helene R. White, Bethany C. Bray, [...], and Richard F. Catalano
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658905/?report=reader
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Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine transitions in smoking from adolescence into emerging adulthood and to identify factors that might influence these transitions, specifically, movement into and out of light and intermittent smoking. | Working Class Matters: Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Smoking in NHIS 2000
| Elizabeth M. Barbeau, ScD, MPH, Nancy Krieger, PhD, and Mah-Jabeen Soobader, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448243/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. We sought to describe the burden of smoking on the US population, using diverse socioeconomic measures.
Methods. We analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2004.
| Accessed 12/2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44695/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK44695.pdf |
| 2004
Young Adults: Vulnerable New Targets of Tobacco Marketing
| Lois Biener, PhD and Alison B. Albers, PhD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448251/?report=reader
| Abstract Objectives. We examined young adult smoking patterns and receptivity to cigarette advertising to assess vulnerability to tobacco marketing strategies.
Methods. We obtained data from a telephone survey of 12 072 Massachusetts adults.
Results. Smokers aged 18 to 30 years were more likely than older adults to smoke only occasionally and to consume fewer than 10 cigarettes per day. | Smoking 2005 | Nicotine analogues: a review of tobacco industry research interests. | Vagg R, Chapman S. | Addiction. 2005;100(5):701–712. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01014.x. - | ABSTRACT Aims To explore the tobacco industry's interest and intentions driving its nicotine analogue research.
Methods Review of internal tobacco industry documents regarding nicotine analogues released as part of the Master Settlement Agreement between the tobacco industry and US state governments in 1998.
Findings The tobacco industry investigated nicotine analogues extensively. Four principal areas of interest are evident. First, research on tobacco products was directed towards greater understanding of nicotine pharmacology, how to screen for potential analogues and how to separate the central and peripheral effects of nicotine. Secondly, interest lay in the potential for analogues to replace nicotine in order to create more ‘desirable’ products and to circumvent anticipated nicotine regulation. Thirdly, interest lay in potential pharmaceutical applications for analogues such as treatments for neurological disorders. Finally, there was interest in the public relations potential of the therapeutic potential of analogues to reduce the demonization of nicotine, by allowing the industry to point to its beneficial uses.
Conclusions With tobacco product and nicotine regulation being increasingly advocated in tobacco control it is important to understand the industry's interests in the potential role of nicotine analogues. Initial interest included using analogues as a means to circumvent regulation, but evidence suggests these plans were discarded due to fear that this may have instigated regulation of tobacco products. Nicotine analogue research has led to potential therapeutic uses for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and alarmingly for the industry, to a potential vaccine to prevent nicotine addiction.
Recommendations Tobacco manufacturers should be obliged to declare all additives being used in tobacco products. Regulatory bodies should be aware that that there is a distinct possibility that the industry has discovered ways to circumvent future regulation of nicotine through the utilization of nicotine analogues. Any regulatory drafting should broaden the definition of nicotine in order to incorporate analogues into the scope of pharmacologically active substances being regulated. | Tobacco Use and Cessation Among a Household-Based Sample of US Urban Men Who Have Sex With Men | Gregory L. Greenwood, PhD, MPH, Jay P. Paul, PhD, [...], and Ron Stall, PhD, MPH
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449867/?report=reader
| Abstract
Objectives. We examined tobacco use and cessation among a probability sample of urban men who have sex with men (MSM) living in 4 large US cities.
Methods. Of the 2402 men who were eligible for follow-up from a previously recruited probability sample, 1780 (74%) completed tobacco surveys between January and December 1999. | Smoking 2006 | Smokers' Choice: What Explains the Steady Growth of Cigar Use in the U.S.?
| Cristine D Delnevo, PhD, MPH | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525261/
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After decades of stagnant use, cigar smoking surged during the 1990s, coinciding with increased cigar marketing, most notably the use of cigars by celebrities.1 Consequently, initiation of cigar smoking in the United States has exceeded initiation of cigarette smoking since the mid 1990s and both adolescents (younger than age 18) and females constitute an increasing proportion of the number of new cigar smokers.2 The rapid rise in cigar use in the mid 1990s garnered much attention from the public health and lay community, but interest in cigar use as a public health and tobacco control problem quickly waned. In fact, some surveys suggest that the cigar boom, specically the rapid increase in prevalence, may be over.3,4 | Smoking 2008 | Using the National Health Interview Survey to understand and address the impact of tobacco in the United States: past perspectives and future considerations
| Cathy L Backinger, Deirdre Lawrence, [...], and Samantha Farrell | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627846/?report=reader
| Abstract Objective The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a continuous, nationwide, household interview survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. This annual survey is conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since 1965, the survey and its supplements have provided data on issues related to the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products. | Smoking 2010 | The Association of Pipe and Cigar Use with Cotinine Levels, Lung Function and Airflow Obstruction: a Cross-sectional Study | Josanna Rodriguez, M.D., Rui Jiang, M.D. Dr.P.H., [...], and R. Graham Barr, M.D., Dr.P.H. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906916/?report=reader
| Background Cigarette smoking is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but studies on the contribution of other smoking techniques are sparse.
Objective We hypothesized that pipe and cigar smoking was associated with elevated cotinine levels, decrements in lung function and increased odds of airflow obstruction | Smoking 2011 | Menthol: putting the pieces together
| Youn Ok Lee and Stanton A Glantz | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085012/?report=reader
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Objective To integrate information on cigarette companies' understanding and use of menthol as summarised in published research based on previously internal tobacco industry documents with results from large population-based surveys of tobacco use and other independent sources | Smokers commonly misperceive that nicotine is a major carcinogen: national survey data | Wilson N, Peace J, Edwards R, Weerasekera D.. | Thorax. 2011;66(4):353–354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2010.141762 | In vitro testing has shown that nicotine may play a role in making cancers more aggressive,1 but the currently available evidence does not suggest that nicotine in itself induces cancer.2 Despite this, many smokers believe that nicotine does cause cancer. For example, in a USA-based study it was found that 65% of smokers believed nicotine causes lung cancer and 71% believed it caused oral cancer.3 Furthermore, some smokers regard nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as also being carcinogenic.4 These findings are concerning since misperceptions about nicotine may result in underutilisation of NRT. Therefore, we aimed to assess these views in New Zealand (NZ) smokers, with the context being a country in which NRT is provided in a heavily subsidised form and widely distributed via the national quitline service.
Data were collected through the NZ arm of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey (ITC Project) which derives its sample of smokers from the NZ Health Survey (a representative national sample). From this sample we surveyed adult smokers in two survey waves (n=1376 and n=923) 1 year apart (with wave 2 in 2008/early 2009). Here we focus on those who completed both surveys (to facilitate comparisons over time). Further details of the methods, including response rates, attrition and weighting processes, are available in online reports (at: http://www.wnmeds.ac.nz/itcproject.html). | Seven-Year Patterns in US Cigar Use Epidemiology Among Young Adults Aged 18–25 Years: A Focus on Race/Ethnicity and Brand
| Jennifer Cullen, PhD, MPH, Paul Mowery, MA, [...], and Amber Thornton-Bullock, MPH
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3222378/?report=reader | Abstract Objectives. We examined patterns in cigar use among young adults, aged 18–25 years, focusing on race/ethnicity and brand.
Methods. We conducted a secondary data analysis of cross-sectional waves of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2008, using multivariate logistic regression to assess time trends in past 30 days cigar use, past 30 days use of a “top 5” cigar brand, cigar use intensity, and age at first cigar use. | The Influence of Nicotine Dose and Nicotine Dose Expectancy on the Cognitive and Subjective Effects of Cigarette Smoking
| Laura M. Juliano, Lisa M. Fucito, and Paul T. Harrell | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660849/?report=reader
| Abstract This study investigated the independent and interactive effects of nicotine dose and nicotine dose expectancy on smoking outcomes using a 2 (given nicotine vs. placebo) × 2 (told nicotine vs. placebo) Balanced Placebo Design (BPD). Smokers (N = 148) completed the Rapid Visual Information Processing Task (RVIP) and measures of smoking urge, mood, and cigarette ratings (e.g., satisfying) after smoking a nicotine or placebo cigarette crossed with instructions that the cigarette contained either nicotine or no nicotine. Nicotine cigarettes (0.6 mg nicotine) produced better sustained attention performance than placebos as indicated by RVIP reaction time, hits, and sensitivity (A′). Nicotine cigarettes also produced better mood and greater rewarding subjective effects of the cigarettes on 11 of 11 dimensions compared to placebos. Nicotine instructions resulted in fewer RVIP false alarms, better mood, and greater rewarding subjective effects of the cigarettes on 9 of 11 dimensions compared to placebo instructions. Nicotine dose by nicotine dose expectancy interactions were also observed for urge and tension-anxiety, such that the dose expectancy manipulation produced differential effects only among those who smoked placebo cigarettes. In contrast a significant interaction for self-reported vigor-activity demonstrated that the dose expectancy manipulation produced effects only among those who smoked nicotine cigarettes. This study provides additional evidence that nicotine improves cognitive performance, and provides initial evidence that denicotinized cigarettes smoked under the guise that they contain nicotine influence cognitive performance, albeit with less robust effects than nicotine.
Keywords: smoking, expectancies, placebo, nicotine, cognitive performance | Smoking 2012 | Interventions to increase smoking cessation at the population level: how much progress has been made in the last two decades? | Zhu SH, Lee M, Zhuang YL, Gamst A, Wolfson T. | Tob Control. 2012;21(2):110–118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050371
Full | Abstract This paper reviews the literature on smoking cessation interventions, with a focus on the last 20 years (1991 to 2010). These two decades witnessed major development in a wide range of cessation interventions, from pharmacotherapy to tobacco price increases. It was expected that these interventions would work conjointly to increase the cessation rate on the population level. This paper examines population data from the USA, from 1991 to 2010, using the National Health Interview Surveys. Results indicate there is no consistent trend of increase in the population cessation rate over the last two decades. Various explanations are presented for this lack of improvement, and the key concept of impact = effectiveness × reach is critically examined. Finally, it suggests that the field of cessation has focused so much on developing and promoting interventions to improve smokers' odds of success that it has largely neglected to investigate how to get more smokers to try to quit and to try more frequently. Future research should examine whether increasing the rate of quit attempts would be key to improving the population cessation rate. | Wakefield M. Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review. | Durkin S, Brennan E, | Tob Control. 2012;21(2):127–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050345 |
| “Shotgunning” in a Population of Patients with Severe Mental Illness and Comorbid Substance Use Disorders | Christopher Welsh, MD, Richard Goldberg, PhD, [...], and Lisa Dixon, MD | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5831174/
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Abstract “Shotgunning” refers to the practice of one individual forcibly exhaling smoke into the mouth of another, and may increase the risk of transmission of respiratory pathogens. The extent of shotgunning among individuals with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use is unknown. We included questions about shotgunning in an interview of 236 participants of a study testing a model to prevent and treat HIV and hepatitis. Shotgunning was common (61% [145/236]) and correlated with increased substance use severity and several high-risk behaviors. Only 8% (11/145) understood that shotgunning could transmit disease. Further research and patient education on shotgunning is warranted. |
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| Smoking 2014 | A cross-country comparison of knowledge, attitudes and practices about tobacco use: findings from the global adult tobacco survey | Gupta B, Kumar N.. | Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(12):5035–5042. doi: https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.5035 | Abstract Background: Knowledge and individual perceptions about adverse effects of all forms of tobacco exert direct influence on the level of tobacco consumption in various socio-demographic groups. The objective of this study was to determine the nature, extent and demographic correlates of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of use of tobacco among adults in low and middle income countries. Materials and Methods: The Global Adult Tobacco Survey, conducted in fourteen different countries from 2008-2010, was sourced for the data analyzed in this study. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to determine the prevalent knowledge and individual perceptions amongst adults about all forms of tobacco consumption. Results: There was relatively high awareness about the harmful effects of smoking tobacco with main awareness being about its relationship with lung cancer (>90% in most countries). In contrast, there was relatively low awareness about harmful effects of smokeless tobacco (< 90% in all countries except India and Bangladesh), and observed correlation of smoking tobacco with heart attack (40.6% in China, 65.1% in India) and stroke (28.2% in China, 50.5% in India). Conclusions: A large proportion of adults living in low and middle income countries possess adequate knowledge about smoking tobacco but have inadequate awareness as well as false perceptions about smokeless forms of tobacco. Popular beliefs of inverse relationships of tobacco consumption with knowledge, attitudes and perception of populations towards tobacco are challenged by the findings of this study. | Smoking 2013 | (2013). A review of risk factors for oral cavity cancer: the importance of a standardized case definition. | Radoi L, Luce D x
| Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 41, 97-109, e178-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00710. | The aim of this work is to review the literature on risk factors of oral cavity cancer with a special attention to the definition of the cases, in order to highlight special features of these cancers and of their subsites. PubMed database was systematically searched to access relevant articles published between 1980 and 2010. Reference lists of selected papers were examined to identify further articles. One hundred and two studies met the inclusion criteria. Their results were difficult to compare because of the lack of uniformity in defining oral cavity. In addition, few studies examined risk factors other than alcohol and tobacco, and studies differentiating between subsites were rare. Despite these limitations, some characteristics of oral cavity cancers may be emphasized: smoked tobacco seems to be a stronger risk factor for oral cavity cancer than alcohol, and the floor of the mouth seems to be more sensitive to the harmful effects of alcohol and smoked tobacco. Studies limited strictly to oral cavity cancers and distinguishing between subsites are needed to better understand the aetiology of these cancers, and better define risk groups to target prevention efforts and screening |
| Bhawna G (2013). Burden of smoked and smokeless tobacco consumption in India - Results from the Global adult Tobacco Survey India (GATS-India)- 2009-201. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 3323-9. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.5.3323
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| (2013) Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade--an update (2000-2012). | Krishna Rao SV, Mejia G, Roberts-Thomson K, Logan R | Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 5567-77. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.10.5567 |
| (2013) Tobacco use and quit behaviour assessment in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): invalid responses and implications | Jena PK, Kishore J, Pati S, Sarkar BK | Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 6563-8. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.11.6563 |
| (2013). Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease in low and middle income countries. | Gupta R, Gupta N, Khedar RS
| Indian Heart J, 65, 369-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2013.06.005 |
| (2013) Exploring attitudes regarding smokeless tobacco products for risk reduction. | van Zyl MA, Rodu B, Antle BF, Bledsoe LK, Sullivan DJ | Soc Work Public Health, 28, 477-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.592056 |
| (2013) Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels. | Wang W, Yang X, Liang J, et al. | Hormones, 12, 567-77. https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1445 |
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| Smoking 2015 | Disparities in Retail Marketing for Menthol Cigarettes in the United States, 2015
| Sarah D. Mills, Lisa Henriksen, [...], and Kurt M. Ribisl
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161357/?report=reader
| Abstract This study describes retail marketing for menthol cigarettes and its relationship with neighborhood demographics in a national sample of tobacco retailers in the United States. Mixed-effects models were used to examine three outcomes: menthol cigarette exterior advertising, menthol cigarette price promotions, and the pack price of menthol and non-menthol cigarettes. | Decision FCTC/COP7(14): Further development of the partial guidelines for implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO FCTC (Regulation of the contents of tobacco products and Regulation of tobacco product disclosures) | Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 2016. Nov 12, | Accessed December 10, 2022
https://www.who.int/fctc/cop/cop7/FCTC_COP7(14)_EN.pdf |
| Menthol Cigarette Smoking among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults
| Amanda Fallin, PhD, RN, Amie J. Goodin, MPP, and Brian A. King, PhD, MPH | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4454462/?report=reader
| Abstract Background Menthol can mask the harshness and taste of tobacco, making menthol cigarettes easier to use and increasing their appeal among vulnerable populations. The tobacco industry has targeted youth, women, and racial minorities with menthol cigarettes, and these groups smoke menthol cigarettes at higher rates. The tobacco industry has also targeted the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities with tobacco product marketing. | Harmful effects of nicotine | Mishra A, Chaturvedi P, Datta S, Sinukumar S, Joshi P, Garg A.. | Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36(1):24–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.151771 | Abstract With the advent of nicotine replacement therapy, the consumption of the nicotine is on the rise. Nicotine is considered to be a safer alternative of tobacco. The IARC monograph has not included nicotine as a carcinogen. However there are various studies which show otherwise. We undertook this review to specifically evaluate the effects of nicotine on the various organ systems. A computer aided search of the Medline and PubMed database was done using a combination of the keywords. All the animal and human studies investigating only the role of nicotine were included. Nicotine poses several health hazards. There is an increased risk of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal disorders. There is decreased immune response and it also poses ill impacts on the reproductive health. It affects the cell proliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA mutation by various mechanisms which leads to cancer. It also affects the tumor proliferation and metastasis and causes resistance to chemo and radio therapeutic agents. The use of nicotine needs regulation. The sale of nicotine should be under supervision of trained medical personnel.
Keywords Addiction - cancer - cardiovascular - gastrointestinal - nicotine - respiratory | Smoking 2016 | Perceptions of harm and addiction of snus: An exploratory study. | .jpg "Over 100 Peer-reviewed Research Articles Curated By Oregonleatherboy On Topic Of Smoking") jKaufman AR, Grenen E, Grady M, Leyva B, Ferrer RA.
| Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(8):895–903. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000230 | Tobacco companies in the United States are prohibited from making reduced harm claims without filing a modified risk tobacco product application with the Food and Drug Administration and obtaining an order to market as such. However, it is possible that product marketing may suggest reduced risk to individuals. This study examines perceptions, in particular those related to harm and addiction, of snus print advertisements using a combination of eye-tracking, survey, and semistructured interviews. Participants were 22 male smokers ages 19–29 (M = 26.64, SD = 2.92). Five snus advertisements were each displayed for 20 s and eye movements were tracked. Participants responded to questions about harm and addiction after each advertisement and interviews were conducted after seeing all advertisements. For each advertisement, descriptive statistics were calculated and regression analyses predicted harm and addiction perceptions from eye tracking areas of interest (e.g., warning label). Qualitative data were analyzed using inductive/deductive thematic analysis. For certain advertisements, areas of interest were significantly associated with harm and/or addiction perceptions. For example, higher total fixation duration on the graphic in the Smokeless for Smokers advertisement was associated with decreased perceptions of addiction (B = −.360, p = .048). Qualitative themes emerged and in many instances corroborated quantitative results. This study indicates that for some advertisements, attention on certain areas (measured through eye tracking) is associated with perceptions among young male smokers. Understanding how smokers perceive and understand products after viewing advertisements may inform regulations regarding claims about product harm and addiction and may guide public health efforts to educate smokers on the risks of emerging products | Knowledge and Perceptions about Nicotine, Nicotine Replacement Therapies and Electronic Cigarettes among Healthcare Professionals in Greece. | Moysidou A, Farsalinos KE, Voudris V, Merakou K, Kourea K, Barbouni A. K | Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(5):514. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050514
Full | Abstract Introduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of Greek healthcare professionals about nicotine, nicotine replacement therapies and electronic cigarettes. Methods. An online survey was performed, in which physicians and nurses working in private and public healthcare sectors in Athens-Greece were asked to participate through email invitations. A knowledge score was calculated by scoring the correct answers to specific questions with 1 point. Results. A total of 262 healthcare professionals were included to the analysis. Most had daily contact with smokers in their working environment. About half of them considered that nicotine has an extremely or very important contribution to smoking-related disease. More than 30% considered nicotine replacement therapies equally or more addictive than smoking, 76.7% overestimated their smoking cessation efficacy and only 21.0% would recommend them as long-term smoking substitutes. For electronic cigarettes, 45.0% considered them equally or more addictive than smoking and 24.4% equally or more harmful than tobacco cigarettes. Additionally, 35.5% thought they involve combustion while the majority responded that nicotine in electronic cigarettes is synthetically produced. Only 14.5% knew about the pending European regulation, but 33.2% have recommended them to smokers in the past. Still, more than 40% would not recommend electronic cigarettes to smokers unwilling or unable to quit smoking with currently approved medications. Cardiologists and respiratory physicians, who are responsible for smoking cessation therapy in Greece, were even more reluctant to recommend electronic cigarettes to this subpopulation of smokers compared to all other participants. The knowledge score of the whole study sample was 7.7 (SD: 2.4) out of a maximum score of 16. Higher score was associated with specific physician specialties. Conclusions. Greek healthcare professionals appear to overestimate the adverse effects of nicotine, and many would not recommend any nicotine-containing product as a long-term smoking substitute. Additionally, they have poor knowledge about the function and characteristics of electronic cigarettes. Keywords: smoking/harm reduction; nicotine; electronic cigarettes; healthcare; physicians; nurses | Smoking 2017 | Zonnic®: a new player in an old field. | Gong M, Dunbar MS, Setodji C, Shadel WG. | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2017;12(1):40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-017-0124-3 | Abstract The tobacco industry is continually evolving to adapt to increasing tobacco control pressure and regulation, and to cater to consumer preferences. Recently, RJ Reynolds rolled-out a nicotine-containing gum, Zonnic®, which is marketed as a smoking cessation and reduction product and is sold at convenience stores at a lower price and in a smaller quantity than existing brands sold at pharmacies. The introduction of Zonnic® products is a critical first step in tobacco industry’s involvement in the NRT market and a serious indication of the evolving tobacco and nicotine-delivery industry and environment. It is likely that this trend will continue and spread, and as such, have a significant impact at multiple dimensions, including consumer perceptions and behavior, tobacco and NRT industry business strategy, and regulation and policy. In this special communication, we present an overview of the current marketing strategy for Zonnic®, discuss its potential impacts at the market level and at the level of the individual consumer, and suggest research and policy priorities based on the magnitude and urgency of the impacts. | The effect of MPOWER scores on cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption |
Ngo A, Cheng KW, Chaloupka FJ, Shang C.. | Prev Med. 2017;105S:S10–S14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.006
Full | Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the MPOWER package to support policy implementation under the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This study examined the effect of MPOWER policies on smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in a global context.
Methods The MPOWER composite score was constructed by adding up the six MPOWER scores for each country and survey year 2007–2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014, with a possible range between 6 (1 in each of the six score) and 29 (4 in M score and 5 in POWER scores). MPOWER composite scores that measured policy implementation were then linked to cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption data from Euromonitor International. Fractional logit and OLS regressions were employed to examine the effect of the composite MPOWER score on adult smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption, respectively.
Results Results indicate that a 1-unit increase in the composite score reduces smoking prevalence by 0.2 percentage points (p < 0.05) among adults and 0.3 percentage points (p < 0.01) among adult males; and a reduction of 23 sticks of cigarette (1 pack of cigarettes) in cigarette consumption per capita per year. At this rate, if countries had implemented the MPOWER package to the highest levels during 2007–2014, they would have experienced a reduction in smoking prevalence of 7.26% among adults and 7.87% among adult males and a reduction of 13.80% in cigarette consumption.
Conclusions MPOWER policies were effective in reducing cigarette smoking among adults. Parties should continue to implement MPOWER policies that have been recommended by the WHO FCTC to curb tobacco epidemic. | Knowledge about nicotine among HIV-positive smokers: Implications for tobacco regulatory science policy | Pacek LR, Rass O, Johnson MW.. | Addict Behav. 2017;65:81–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.008. | Abstract The present paper describes the general knowledge of smoking and nicotine among a sample of current smokers living with HIV (n = 271) who were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Descriptive statistics were used to report sociodemographic and smoking characteristics, as well as knowledge about smoking and nicotine. The sample was comprised of relatively light smokers, both in terms of cigarettes per day (M = 8.1, SD = 9.7) and dependence (67.5% had low dependence according to the Heaviness of Smoking Index). The majority of participants correctly identified smoking as being a potential cause of various smoking-related conditions and correctly identified constituents in cigarette smoke. However, a majority of participants also misattributed nicotine as being a potential cause of smoking-related illness. Accurate knowledge about nicotine was low. These misperceptions are of particular concern for vulnerable populations, such as persons living with HIV, who are disproportionately burdened by the prevalence of smoking and associated morbidities and mortality. These misperceptions could have unintended consequences in the wake of a potential nicotine reduction policy, such that reduced nicotine content products are perceived as safer than normal nicotine content products currently available for sale. Additionally, incorrect knowledge about nicotine has implications for the uptake and continued use of nicotine replacement therapy. | The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry | Hendlin YH, Elias J, Ling PM.. Ann Intern Med. | 2017;167(4):278–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0759. - | Is developing and legitimizing pharmaceutical-like, reduced-harm tobacco products giving the tobacco industry a new lease on life? Cigarettes constitute more than 90% of the industry's profits, and the number of smokers is increasing worldwide with population growth. Smoking prevalence is simultaneously declining, threatening cigarettes' long-term profitability. Transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) aggressively promote smoking in low- and middle-income countries but have also diversified their product lines to include more socially acceptable alternative nicotine products, marking an industry-wide shift (1, 2). This pursuit of new, standardized, designer, possibly government-certified nicotine products—a process we call pharmaceuticalization—may fundamentally change how policymakers and the public … | Smoking 2018 | Tobacco and Nicotine Use Among US Adult “Never Smokers” in Wave 4 (2016–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study
| Elias M Klemperer, PhD, John R Hughes, MD, [...], and Andrea C Villanti, PhD, MPH
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8186421/
| Introduction A common criterion for being labeled a “never smoker” is having smoked <100 lifetime cigarettes. This category is often used as an unexposed reference group to estimate the relative harm from cigarettes. We examined the amount of current and past cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine use among adults who met this “never smoker” criterion. | Public versus internal conceptions of addiction: An analysis of internal Philip Morris documents. | Elias J, Hendlin YH, Ling PM | . PLoS Med. 2018;15(5):e1002562. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002562 |
| Tobacco-Nicotine Education and Training for Health-Care Professional Students and Practitioners: A Systematic Review. | Ye L, Goldie C, Sharma T, et al. | Nicotine Tob Res. 2018;20(5):531–542. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx072. |
| Nicotine Reduction Strategy: State of the science and challenges to tobacco control policy and FDA tobacco product regulation. | Benowitz NL, Henningfield JE. | Prev Med. 2018;117:5–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.012. | Abstract Nicotine addiction is the proximate cause of disease and death from cigarette smoking. In 1994, we proposed reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to non-addicting levels to reduce the risk of youth becoming addicted smokers and promoting quitting in established smokers. In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provided the authority to FDA to reduce nicotine levels as appropriate to benefit public health. Over the past 15 years, considerable research has determined that nicotine reduction is feasible and safe, resulting in reduced nicotine dependence with little evidence of compensatory over-smoking. The availability of acceptable non-combusted form of nicotine would provide support and enhance acceptability of nicotine reduction in tobacco. Most recently, the FDA promulgated a nicotine-based regulatory framework, which includes nicotine reduction combined with ready availability of noncombustible nicotine products. Nicotine reduction could contribute to a virtual end to the use of cigarette smoking, with enormous benefits to public health. | Public misperception that very low nicotine cigarettes are less carcinogenic | Byron MJ, Jeong M, Abrams DB, Brewer NT | Tob Control. 2018;27(6):712–714. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054124 |
| Attitudes towards Potential New Tobacco Control Regulations among U.S. Adults | Schmidt AM, Kowitt SD, Myers AE, Goldstein AO | Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(1):72. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010072 |
| Smokers' unprompted comments on cigarette additives during conversations about the genetic basis for nicotine addiction: a focus group study. | Philpott SE, Gehlert S, Waters EA. | BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):495. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5395-8. |
| Smoking 2019 | Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res | Berman ML, Glasser AM.. - | 2019;21(Suppl 1):S133–S144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz162. | Abstract Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to “minimally or non-addictive levels.” However, important research gaps remain, and the FDA must determine when the available research is sufficient to support moving forward.
Methods The authors conducted a systematic review of research articles in PubMed relating to nicotine reduction. Building on a review of risk assessment best practices, the authors also developed a risk assessment framework for tobacco regulation and used it to guide a gap analysis of nicotine reduction research.
Results The final sample consisted of 78 articles. The majority examined either nicotine dependence on very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs) or markers of potential health effects of using VLNCs. One-third of the identified articles reported results from four large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). While these studies report promising results and suggest that a nicotine reduction rule would be a powerful tool to reduce cigarette smoking, our gap analysis suggests that there is a need for studies that better reflect the use and availability of a wide range of tobacco/nicotine products and the potential for dual- or multi-product use.
Conclusion The current body of research on nicotine reduction is weighted towards RCTs, which is appropriate for a policy that has not yet been implemented anywhere in the world. The FDA must consider a wide range of factors that may impact a product standard’s public health impact, including those difficult to assess in RCTs, such as a nicotine reduction rule’s impact on smoking initiation and relapse.
Implications This systematic review presents a gap analysis based on a risk assessment framework to help identify remaining research priorities to inform FDA’s potential product standard to reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes. Quickly addressing those gaps would support the FDA’s effort to develop a nicotine reduction product standard that will be effective and withstand legal challenges. | Transnational Tobacco Companies and New Nicotine Delivery Systems. | Mathers A, Hawkins B, Lee K. | Am J Public Health. 2019;109(2):227–235. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304813. | Abstract While the public health community has focused on the harm-reduction potential of new nicotine delivery systems (NNDSs) and, conversely, their potential for impeding overall efforts to prevent and reduce tobacco use, limited analysis has been conducted on the role of leading transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) in this rapidly growing market. Following aborted efforts during the 1980s and 1990s to develop reduced-risk products, TTCs have heavily invested in selected NNDS products since 2010 via acquisitions and internal research and development.
This article catalogs and analyzes the patterns of investment in NNDSs by leading TTCs over time, and identifies differences in the companies’ approaches to NNDS product acquisition and development in specific markets globally. This analysis raises important questions regarding the companies’ intent, which appears to be to sustain, rather than replace, cigarette sales, and to increase their influence and credibility with respect to NNDS policy and regulation.
We identify the need for greater public health vigilance and research to understand and respond to the increasingly significant role of NNDSs in TTCs’ global business strategies, to ensure that NNDSs advance, rather than hinder, tobacco control efforts. | Socioeconomic differences in nicotine exposure and dependence in adult daily smokers | Chen A, Machiorlatti M, Krebs NM, Muscat JE.. | BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):375. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6694-4
Full | Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a major determinant of tobacco use but little is known whether SES affects nicotine exposure and the degree of nicotine dependence.
Methods The Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study is a cross-sectional study of smoke exposure and nicotine dependence among adults conducted in central Pennsylvania between June 2012 and April 2014. The study included several measures of SES, including assessments of education and household income, as well as occupation, home ownership, health insurance, household density and savings accounts. Measurements included saliva for the nicotine metabolites cotinine (COT), 3-‘hydroxycotinine (3HC) and total metabolites (COT +3HC). Puffing behavior was determined using portable smoking topography devices.
Results The income levels of lighter smokers (< 20 cigarettes per day) was $10,000 more than heavier smokers. Higher Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores were associated with lower income and job status, scores ranged from 5.4 in unemployed, 4.4 in blue-collar, and 3.8 in white-collar workers. In principal components analysis used to derive SES indicators, household income, number in household, and type of dwelling were the major SES correlates of the primary component. Job category was the major correlate of the second component. Lower SES predicted significantly higher adjusted total nicotine metabolite levels in the unemployed group. Job category was significantly associated with total daily puffs, with the highest level in the unemployed, followed by blue-collar workers, after adjustment for income.
Conclusions Among smokers, there was a relationship between lower SES and increased nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day and nicotine exposure, which varied by job type. | Systematic Review of Health Communication for Non-Cigarette Tobacco Pro | Cornacchione Ross J, Noar SM, Sutfin EL. | Health Commun. 2019;34(3):361–369. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1407274. - | The Food and Drug Administration, which now has regulatory authority over all tobacco products meeting the statutory definition, is tasked with communicating the risks of these products to the public through health warnings and public education. However, there have been no attempts to summarize what is known about non-cigarette tobacco product (NCTP) health messaging. We conducted a systematic review to examine the existing literature on health communication for NCTPs and identify key research gaps. A total of 45 unique studies were retrieved and coded, with the majority focused on messaging for smokeless tobacco (SLT, k = 32, 71.1%), followed by waterpipe tobacco (WT, k = 9, 20%), electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, k = 2, 4.4%), cigars (k = 2, 4.4%), and a potentially reduced exposure product (k = 1, 2.2%). Studies most commonly examined tobacco product warnings (k = 26, 57.8%) and public education (k = 19, 42.2%), which included mass media campaigns. Most studies examined knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs as outcomes (k = 27, 60%), while behavior was an outcome in the minority of studies (k = 8, 17.8%). Pictorial warnings and public education about NCTPs demonstrated positive impact in some studies, although the literature is nascent. Given the increasing use of NCTPs such as ENDS, WT, and cigars, particularly among adolescents and young adults, more research is needed on effective ways to communicate product risk to those audiences most at risk. | E-Cigarette Marketing and Communication: How E-Cigarette Companies Market E-Cigarettes and the Public Engages with E-cigarette Information. | Collins L, Glasser AM, Abudayyeh H, Pearson JL, Villanti AC.
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| Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(1):14–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx284. - | Abstract Introduction Given the lack of regulation on marketing of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States and the increasing exchange of e-cigarette-related information online, it is critical to understand how e-cigarette companies market e-cigarettes and how the public engages with e-cigarette information.
Methods Results are from a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on e-cigarettes via a PubMed search through June 1, 2017. Search terms included: “e-cigarette*” or “electronic cigarette” or “electronic cigarettes” or “electronic nicotine delivery” or “vape” or “vaping.” Experimental studies, quasi-experimental studies, observational studies, qualitative studies, and mixed methods studies providing empirical findings on e-cigarette marketing and communication (ie, nonmarketing communication in the public) were included.
Results One hundred twenty-four publications on e-cigarette marketing and communication were identified. They covered topics including e-cigarette advertisement claims/promotions and exposure/receptivity, the effect of e-cigarette advertisements on e-cigarette and cigarette use, public engagement with e-cigarette information, and the public’s portrayal of e-cigarettes. Studies show increases in e-cigarette marketing expenditures and online engagement through social media over time, that e-cigarettes are often framed as an alternative to combustible cigarettes, and that e-cigarette advertisement exposure may be associated with e-cigarette trial in adolescents and young adults.
Discussion Few studies examine the effects of e-cigarette marketing on perceptions and e-cigarette and cigarette use. Evidence suggests that exposure to e-cigarette advertisements affects perceptions and trial of e-cigarettes, but there is no evidence that exposure affects cigarette use. No studies examined how exposure to e-cigarette communication, particularly misleading or inaccurate information, impacts e-cigarette, and tobacco use behaviors.
Implications The present article provides a comprehensive review of e-cigarette marketing and how the public engages with e-cigarette information. Studies suggest an association between exposure to e-cigarette marketing and lower harm perceptions of e-cigarettes, intention to use e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette trial, highlighting the need to for advertising regulations that support public health goals. Findings from this review also present the methodological limitations of the existing research (primarily due to cross-sectional and correlational analyses) and underscore the need for timely, rigorous research to provide an accurate understanding of e-cigarette marketing and communication and its impact on e-cigarette and tobacco product use.
Topic: advertisingmarketingelectronic cigarettes Issue Section: Reviews | A new classification system for describing concurrent use of nicotine vaping products alongside cigarettes (so-called 'dual use'): findings from the ITC-4 Country Smoking and Vaping wave 1 12``à aazââAaaâSurvey. | Borland R, Murray K, Gravely S, et al | Addiction. 2019;114(Suppl 1):24–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14570
Full | Abstract Aims To determine whether a simple combination of level of smoking and level of vaping results in a useful typology for characterizing smoking and vaping behaviours.
Methods Cross-sectional data from adults (≥ 18 years) in the 2016 wave 1 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey in the United States (n = 2291), England (n = 3591), Australia (n = 1376) and Canada (n = 2784) were used. Participants who either smoked, vaped or concurrently used both at least monthly were included and divided into eight groups based on use frequency of each product (daily, non-daily, no current use). This resulted in four concurrent use groups (predominant smokers, dual daily users, predominant vapers and concurrent non-daily users). These groups were compared with each other and with the four exclusive use groups, on socio-demographics, nicotine dependence, beliefs and attitudes about both products, and quit-related measures using data weighted to reference population surveys in each country.
Results Of the sample, 10.8% were concurrent users, with daily smokers vaping non-daily (predominant smokers), constituting 51.6% of this group. All eight categories differed from other categories on at least some measures. Concurrent daily nicotine users reported higher levels of indicators of nicotine dependence, and generally more positive attitudes toward both smoking and vaping than concurrent non-daily users. Among daily nicotine users, compared with exclusive daily smokers, reports of interest in quitting were higher in all concurrent use groups. Dual daily users had the most positive attitudes about smoking overall, and saw it as the least denormalized, and at the same time were equally interested in quitting as other concurrent users and were most likely to report intending to continue vaping.
Conclusions In Australia, Canada, England and the United States in 2016, daily nicotine users differed considerably from non-daily nicotine users. Among daily nicotine users, dual daily users (those who smoke and vape concurrently) should be treated as a distinct grouping when studying relationships between smoking and vaping. The eight-level typology characterizing concurrent and exclusive use of smoking and vaping should be considered when studying both products. | Smoking 2020 | Recognition, use and perceptions of JUUL among youth and young adults. | Willett JG, Bennett M, Hair EC, et al. | Tob Control. 2019;28(1):115–116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054273 | Background In recent years, use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has drastically increased, exceeding the prevalence of combustible tobacco use among youth in the USA.1 ENDS products are heavily marketed on television, radio and the internet, in print and at the point-of-sale,2–5 using strategies that may appeal to youth.6 Recent national data suggest exposure to ENDS marketing may be associated with increased use of the products among young people.5 7 Of public health concern are the findings suggesting negative health consequences associated with ENDS use and associations between ENDS use and future combustible tobacco use. Additionally, ENDS use is substantially higher among youth, a group for whom nicotine exposure is particularly harmful, compared with adults.1
A novel ENDS product, JUUL, was developed by PAX Labs and represents one of the latest efforts to innovate within the ENDS market. The slim, high-tech devices are charged through USB ports and use nicotine cartridges, or ‘pods’, that come in a variety of flavours. Through novel product design and use of organic nicotine salts extracted from tobacco leaves, rather than the ‘freebase formulations’8 of nicotine used in other ENDS, PAX Labs claims JUUL provides a nicotine concentration comparable with a traditional cigarette and delivers nicotine 1.25–2.7 times faster than competing ENDS. Since its introduction in early 2015, JUUL has experienced tremendous growth in market share. As of 24 February 2018, JUUL represented an astonishing 49.6% … | Review of Evaluation Metrics Used in Digital and Traditional Tobacco Control Campaigns | Chan L, O'Hara B, Phongsavan P, Bauman A, Freeman B..
| J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(8):e17432. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/17432
Full | Abstract Background: Mass media campaigns for public health are increasingly using digital media platforms, such as web-based advertising and social media; however, there is a lack of evidence on how to best use these digital platforms for public health campaigns. To generate this evidence, appropriate campaign evaluations are needed, but with the proliferation of digital media–related metrics, there is no clear consensus on which evaluation metrics should be used. Public health campaigns are diverse in nature, so to facilitate analysis, this review has selected tobacco control campaigns as the scope of the study.
Objective: This literature review aimed to examine how tobacco control campaigns that use traditional and digital media platforms have been evaluated.
Methods: Medicine and science databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online [MEDLINE], EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], and Scopus), and a marketing case study database (World Advertising Research Center) were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2018. Two authors established the eligibility criteria and reviewed articles for inclusion. Individual campaigns were identified from the articles, and information on campaigns and their evaluations were supplemented with searches on Google, Google Scholar, and social media platforms. Data about campaign evaluations were tabulated and mapped to a conceptual framework.
Results: In total, 17 campaigns were included in this review, with evaluations reported on by 51 articles, 17 marketing reports, and 4 grey literature reports. Most campaigns were from English-speaking countries, with behavioral change as the primary objective. In the process evaluations, a wide range of metrics were used to assess the reach of digital campaign activities, making comparison between campaigns difficult. Every campaign in the review, except one, reported some type of engagement impact measure, with website visits being the most commonly reported metric (11 of the 17 campaigns). Other commonly reported evaluation measures identified in this review include engagement on social media, changes in attitudes, and number of people contacting smoking cessation services. Of note, only 7 of the 17 campaigns attempted to measure media platform attribution, for example, by asking participants where they recalled seeing the campaign or using unique website tracking codes for ads on different media platforms.
Conclusions: One of the key findings of this review is the numerous and diverse range of measures and metrics used in tobacco control campaign evaluations. To address this issue, we propose principles to guide the selection of digital media–related metrics for campaign evaluations, and also outline a conceptual framework to provide a coherent organization to the diverse range of metrics. Future research is needed to specifically investigate whether engagement metrics are associated with desired campaign outcomes, to determine whether reporting of engagement metrics is meaningful in campaign evaluations. | Impact of Rumors and Misinformation on COVID-19 in Social Media. | Tasnim S, Hossain MM, Mazumder H. | J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(3):171–174. doi: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.094. - |
| US regulator adds to confusion around heated tobacco products. | Gilmore AB, Braznell S. BMJ.. | 2020;370:m3528. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3528 | Tobacco manufacturer exploits FDA’s ambiguous ruling
The emergence of new consumer tobacco and nicotine products, notably electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products,1 has produced controversy and confusion. This is partly because the two products are often conflated, not least by Philip Morris International, the world’s largest tobacco company.2 With global sales of cigarettes inexorably declining, the company’s future now depends on IQOS, its flagship heated tobacco product.23 | FCTC Article 2.1 and the next horizon in tobacco policy: Phasing out commercial sales | Bostic C, Hefler M, Muller G, Assunta M. | . Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18(December):1–2. doi: https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/130673 | In the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people in tobacco control worldwide would have been at the Hague, Netherlands, from 9–14 November for the 9th Conference of the Parties (COP9) of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), advocating for even stronger policies against the tobacco epidemic. The COP has been postponed to 2021, but the pandemic did not stop the global civil society from ‘virtually’ gathering to talk about the FCTC, where it is and where it is going.
On Monday 9 November, Action on Smoking and Health (US), the Menzies School of Health Research (Australia), and Health Funds for a Smoke-free Netherlands, held a panel on the largely overlooked FCTC Article 2.1, which calls on governments to go beyond the minimum obligations specified in the treaty. Some countries and governments have already done this, boldly implementing strategies such as standardized packaging1 and flavorings bans2. | Smoking 2021 | Cigarette Brand Use and Sexual Orientation: Intersections With Gender and Race or Ethnicity
| Alexandra Budenz, DrPH, MA and Rachel Grana, PhD, MPH
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8588870/
| Abstract Introduction Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations have higher cigarette smoking rates than heterosexual populations. The tobacco industry has leveraged LGB, gender, and racial or ethnic identities to establish cigarette brand preference. We examined cigarette brand use among smokers by sexual orientation and the implications of gender and race or ethnicity for brand use. |
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| Research progress of E-cigarette-A bibliometric analysis during 2010–2022
| Shihui Hong, Feng Wu, [...], and Min Fan
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376676/
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Abstract Introduction Electronic cigarettes have been widely used all over the world. It is not clear what the advantages and disadvantages of a novelty in daily life are that is attracting increasing attention. Up to now, no bibliometric studies on e-cigarettes have been published in databases. Therefore, we are willing to explore directions and research hotspots in this emerging field by using bibliometrics to analyze research areas, publishing countries and institutions, high-output authors, and future trends of e-cigarettes in recent years. Compared with the traditional review, the bibliometric study can provide some information on core journals, articles, researchers, institutions, and countries concentrating on this topic to guide experimentation strategies and funding decisions. |
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Canadian Cancer Society . Cigarette Package Health Warnings: International Status Report. 6th ed. Canadian Cancer Society; 2018. Accessed December 23, 2020
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Nair U, Bartsch H, Nair J (2004). Alert for an epidemic of oral cancer due to use of the betel quid substitutes gutkha and pan masala: a review of agents and causative mechanisms. Mutagenesis, 19, 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geh036
Panda R, Mathur MR, Divya P, Srivastava S, Ramachandra SS (2012). Health system preparedness for tobacco control: situational analysis of existing health programs in andhra pradesh, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 5969-73. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.12.596
Rosendahl KI, Galanti MR, Gilljam H, Ahlbom A (2005). Knowledge about tobacco and subsequent use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco among Swedish adolescents. J Adolesc Health, 37, 224-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.021
Thun MJ, DeLancey JO, Center MM, Jemal A, Ward EM (2010). The global burden of cancer: priorities for prevention. Carcinogenesis, 31, 100-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp263
Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I (2007). Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathology Med, 36, 575-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x
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Common Misconceptions and Future Intention to Smoke among Secondary School Students in Malaysia vol.16, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.3.1159
Predictors of Cigarette Smoking among Young Adults in Mangalore, India vol.17, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.1.45
Rethinking Anti-tobacco Health Education in an Eastern Mediterranean Country with Growing Tobacco Use vol.17, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.2.527
How Social Care Beneficiaries in Poland Rate Relative Harmfulness of Various Tobacco and Nicotine-Containing Products vol.14, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091029
Perceived Relative Harm of Selected Cigarettes and Non-Cigarette Tobacco Products—A Study of Young People from a Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Rural Area in Poland vol.13, pp.9, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090885
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